Rational Choice Theory Essay - 1726 Words

Rational choice theory, also known simply as choice theory, is the assessment of a potential offender to commit a crime. Choice theory is the belief that committing a crime is a rational decision, based on cost benefit analysis. The would-be offender will weigh the costs of committing a particular crime: fines, jail time, and imprisonment versus the benefits: money, status, heightened adrenaline. Depending on which factors out-weigh the other, a criminal will decide to commit or forgo committing a crime. This decision making process makes committing a crime a rational choice. This theory can be used to explain why an offender will decide to commit burglary, robbery, aggravated assault, or murder. It is 9:00am on a warm July morning.†¦show more content†¦Having her address he began to case her home. For several weeks he watched her comings and goings. Based on his surveillance he was able to determine that the homeowner leaves everyday at 8:45am to bring her children to schoo l and does not return until 9:45am. He was able to determine that the rear entry was less visible to neighbor’s which is why he decided to use the rear door. John clearly demonstrates rational choice based on situational risks he observed. John decides to act when he knows the homeowner will not be home and the risks are low. He made it a point to plan his attack which is also explained as a rational choice. Rational choice theory involves both offense-specific and offender-specific crimes. Offense-specific crime is crime committed when an offender considers all parts of the actual act before they decide to commit the wrongdoing. The offender would weigh police presence in that neighborhood, if the home is well protected, will people be in the home, ease of getting in and getting out, or if stolen property will be valuable for sale, etc. Offender-specific crime is when the potential offender determines if they have what it take to commit the crime based on self interest. The y only think about their personal experience and not particularly about the offense itself. Offender-specific crime is when an offender considers;Show MoreRelatedRational And Rational Choice Theory3362 Words   |  14 PagesRational choice theory posits that any individual makes behavioral choices because they logically consider any potentially criminal situation, weigh the possible benefits versus the possible costs, and make a decision to act based on whether or not the benefits outweigh the risks. Rational choice theory differs from other philosophies in that it â€Å"denies the existence of any kinds of action other than the purely rational and calculative. All social action, it is argued, can be seen as rationally motivatedRead MoreThe Rational Choice Theory1728 Words   |  7 PagesUniversity, CJ102 Criminology Unit Five Midterm Project The Rational Choice theory approach has been used by social and political scientists to put some type of meaning of why humans behave in a certain way. In recent years, rational choice theory has been widely used in other disciplines such as sociology, political science, and anthropology. It has gained influence in politics and sociology over the past thirty years. This choice theory stressed the role of knowledgeable self interest in the decisionRead MoreTheories Of Rational Choice Theory1766 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction When a natural scientist is interested in how something works, he usually observes, then constructs a theory which helps to interpret what he sees. Following the building of a model, the results of the experiment tell whether the theory correctly explained the phenomenon in question. Even in the case of the physical sciences, the construction of a model requires assumptions to be made, leading to the model omitting certain, preferably unimportant effectors. The same is true about modelsRead More Rational Choice Theory Essay1246 Words   |  5 PagesThere are three main points that are reinforced in rational choice theory (Cornish and Clarke, 1986). First, it may work better or worse for different types of crime, yet it is thought that there are rational choices in every type of crime even impulsive and pathologic crimes. Second, the theory should be applied on a crime-specific basis. Hence, burglaries can’t be grouped together in among residential and commercial categories . Rather, they must be broken into smaller facets such as publicRead MoreDeterrence And Rational Choice Theory3785 Words   |  16 PagesDeterrence and Rational Choice Theory and the three strikes laws are seen by some researcher as the way to maintain control, deter crime and deliver harsh punishment for repeat offenders by subjecting them to the three strikes law. They believe that if the punishment is harsh that offenders will be deterred to commit crime. We will take a look at these theories, and see if they are really the answer to our crime problems in the USA. It will also allow us to ask the question which is: can theories work betterRead MoreRational Choice Theory: Merits and Limitations1195 Words   |  5 Pagesinsight into Rational Choice Theory. This theory, highly relied upon by many disciplines, is also used to calculate and determine crime and criminal behavior. Through definition, example and techniques utilized by criminologists, the reader will have a better un derstanding of the subject. By definition, criminology is the study of crime, criminal behavior and how it pertains to the law. Criminology is considered a scientific technique. Therefore, those who study and carry out its theories are consideredRead MoreRational Choice Theory And Human Behavior964 Words   |  4 PagesIn its simplest form, Rational Choice Theory finds its role in economics, which also plays a big role in human behavior. Most often, people are motivated by money and the possibility of making a profit and will calculate the costs and benefits for them before deciding what to do. While economic theories look at production, distribution and consumption of goods and services, Rational Choice theorists argue that these same principles can be used to understand human interaction where using time, informationRead MoreRational Choice Theory Of Criminal Behavior Essay1617 Words   |  7 Pagescase the choices that criminals make brings them pleasure and adrenaline. Criminal choices can be controlle d by fear of punishment, but not all the time. The crime will be limited when the benefits are reduced and the costs increase. Rational choice theory is a perspective that holds criminality in the result of conscious choice. Not to mention, that it is predicted that individuals choose to commit crime when the benefits outweigh the costs of disobeying the law. In the rational choice theory, individualsRead MoreRational Choice Theory Of Rape1465 Words   |  6 Pagesby using the Rational Choice Theory, rape can be eliminated in today’s society by the use of castration as a punishment for offenders and as a deterrence for possible future offenders. Rape has been an ongoing issue within society for centuries. In early times, men raped women for reproductive purposes. Today, it is still believed that men rape in order to reproduce, but mainly in order to show power and dominance towards women (Thornhill Palmer, 2000). The Rational Choice Theory (RCT) statesRead MoreDeterrence And Rational Choice Theory777 Words   |  4 Pagespeople may feel as if the deterrence theory does not work. Due to the fact that crime still happens in the world. This essay will look at the support for the theory. As well as the key problems for the theory. Next, it will explain some of the newest directions in deterrence/rational choice theory. Finally, it will either agree/disagree with someone’s thought on deterrence and how it does not work and is a waste of time to study. Deterrence and rational choice are two different things. Deterrence

Nationalism And Democracy Are Intertwined Within The State

Nationalism and democracy often are co-existent with each other at any time within the state. These interactions that they have with each other culminate in both benefits and problems for society, or sometimes produce a neutral reaction. This essay will explore these interactions that could either be beneficial, detrimental, or neutral in the ways that nationalism and democracy are intertwined within the state. The important notion that nationalism brings to democracy is the concept of conflict. Nationalism creates these tensions between the different members of society as they all seek fair or preferential treatment from the state. Therefore, arguments, tensions, and dissenting opinions are inside every state and if democracy can organize these issues, the state will run smoothly. The opposite is true as well, as extreme nationalism may destroy the state. This requires democracy to ensure that the correct amount of nationalism exists so that society will agree with its government an d progress. The inability to monitor it, however can interrupt the democratic process and degrade the state’s well being. Nationalism creates pride in one’s identity and beliefs, which increases the chance that they will want their wishes to be represented. As Donald L. Horowitz argues, one of the larger factors of democratic failures is ethnic conflict. He writes, â€Å"Ethnic identity provides clear lines to determine who will be included and who will be excluded.† This describes the impact ofShow MoreRelatedThe Public And Political Space Essay1514 Words   |  7 Pagesinstitutions have had an unbiased and continuous stance and only outside pressures were in play. This assumption is unsupported since some of the reading referenced the overall growing number of more extremist groups, in different parts of society, within a state-centered country that influence religion. None of the authors discuss how this social change has mirrored on an institutional level. There is also a gap in assessing the theological component. Although this legal ban, which later became a fatwaRead MoreThe Conflict Of The Independent Republic Of Azerbaijan1471 Words   |  6 PagesUniversity did not articulate any references to Azeri nationalism in their slogans. Obviously, the Azeri community is more likely to play a role in determining the future direction of Iran’s political evolution than in igniting an ethnically-based separatist movement. Having proven its centuries-long loyalty to the Iranian state and territorial integrity, Azeris are also likely to work within the current political system to address their grievances. Although the emergence of the independent RepublicRead MoreNationalism in a Multicultural Society1904 Words   |  8 PagesNationalism is exclusionary by definition. In a well-argued essay, compare the positive and negative effects of nationalism within a multicultural or multiethnic society. In your answer, discuss the problems that a multicultural society poses to the formation of national identity and why you do or do not believe that nationalism is compatible with the liberal state’s emphasis upon individual rights and freedoms. â€Å"The Age of liberal democracy is also the Age of nationalism† (Bernard Yack, 2003)Read MoreThe Misguided War On Terror1254 Words   |  6 PagesThey should learn about the problems other countries face, and how such problems relate to our own country and the world, and our moral responsibility for them. In this way, we rid ourselves of the â€Å"us-them† mentality, and garner a respect for the intertwined moral interest of human beings. Nussbaum then presents us with four arguments for cosmopolitanism based on the likely positive consequences of such a mentality, the first two of which I agree with wholeheartedly. For one, in the process of learningRead MoreThe Age Of Revolution And The European Revolution1152 Words   |  5 Pages1789 and ended in 1848. During this era, radical citizens and reforming governments in Europe changed the existing laws and the ruling structure in a way that created the forms of the existing modern Europe states. The age was very revolutionary as it gave the introduction to new systems within Europe. The era was both an age of destruction as well as a catalyst for growth. Also, the impacts during this age changed the world socially, politically, and economically. The age even from the fact thatRead MorePhysical Address of Time Square in New York City: Manhattan, NY 100361727 Words   |  7 PagesBenedict Anderson laid out his definition for nationalism and made use of the phrase â₠¬Å"imagined community,† not even he could envision how globalization would affect the globe. This essay is called Manhattan, NY 10036 because this is the physical address of Time Square in New York City. One would probably as the question why would someone put the address of an actual block of land as a title for an essay? The reason is the entire world is intertwined and essentially one giant imagined communityRead MoreMega Events Like The Olympics And Fifa World Cup2251 Words   |  10 Pagesback the organization of international politics, the mega -events show a picture of incredible harmony and cooperation (Segrave, 1988). Inherent in that picture of harmony is the opportunity to spread important ideals such as equality, freedom, and democracy throughout the world. In addition â€Å"global mega events like the world cup and the Olympics have become incredibly effective tools for reorganizing an economy on neoliberal grounds.† The Olympics in particular has emerged as the premier event inRead MoreTransport and Communication Has Made World a Global Village2235 Words   |  9 PagesB E G I N S A N E W C E N T U R Y, some aspects of international politics are experiencing rapid changes amidst other more rigid aspects which refuse change. Two concepts may best capture the nature and scope of this simultaneous static yet fluid state: namely, globalization and national borders. Globalization is currently a fashionable topic—some laud it, claiming that it is the path to peace, prosperity and progress. Others abhor it, attributing to it many evils in world affairs including polarizationRead MoreChristian Speculation about the End of Times1807 Words   |  7 Pagesinto one single moral community called a Church’: for him, ‘the idea of religion is inseparable from that of the Church’ (Durkheim cited in Harvey, 2013, p. 8). This definition fits well with established religion in the past à ¢â‚¬â€œ a strong cohesive force within society, bounding its members together, most often centralised and institutionalised (as the Roman Catholic Church). By contrast, in our modern society, individual choices tend to be prevalent in religious matters, allowing people to freely shiftRead MoreComparison Of Obama s And Xi s Speeches1867 Words   |  8 Pagesestablished formal diplomatic relations. The two countries have faced the pressures of economic transformation, social and political standoffs, and now have moved to a new stage of complex mix of diplomatic issues, differences in values, and increasingly intertwined economy. If the U.S. and China to improve their achievements made in the past, then the U.S. – China relation is likely to surpass the contradictions in cultural, political, economic and social differences, and seek to maximize the mutual benefit

Overcoming Fear free essay sample

When I was little, my biggest fear was falling off of a bicycle. I was always afraid of bicycles because I watched my best friend fall off of one and break her arm. As I got older, however, I realized that learning how to ride a bike could be very beneficial, as well as a lot of fun. Something I did not know at the time, however, was that learning how to ride would end up being beneficial to me in other ways as well. One day, when I was about eight years old, I asked my grandfather if he would teach e how to ride the bicycle he had bought for me two years earlier.He looked at me and said, Are you finally ready, honey? After telling him yes, my grandfather said that he would take me out that Saturday and give me my first riding lesson. As Saturday approached, I grew more and more apprehensive. We will write a custom essay sample on Overcoming Fear or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Part of me was really looking forward to learning how to ride, while the other part of me was scared to death of falling off and getting hurt. My grandfather seemed to sense my fear, and when Saturday arrived, he took me to the local bicycle shop.We went straight to the section of the store that had all kinds of knee and elbow pads, as well as other protective equipment for riding bicycles, skating, and other activities. He told me to pick out the knee and elbow pads I liked best and said that they would help prevent me from getting hurt if I fell off of my bike. When we got back home, he helped me put on my pads and then went and got my bicycle out of the garage. He showed me how to get on the bike, and then proceeded to walk beside me, holding onto the bike as I pedaled down the sidewalk.Once we turned the corner at the end of the block, my grandfather let go for the first time. He stayed right beside me, ready to catch me If I started to tilt sideways. I was only able to go a few feet before my grandfather had to catch me. He continued to encourage me to keep trying, and, after falling off several times, I was finally able to ride my bicycle up and down the sidewalk In front of my house without any help from my grandfather whatsoever. I learned that riding a bicycle was a lot easier than I could have ever dreamed.By buying me the knee and elbow pads and telling me that they would help protect me, my grandfather helped to dullness my fear of rolling a bicycle. Now when I am faced with a situation that scares me, I think back to that day my grandfather taught me how to ride. I may still feel fear from time to time, but I know that I can overcome It by asking myself, What will help me to conquer my fear? Bibliography not needed This Is a true depletion of an actual event In my childhood. Overcoming Fear Had to write a NarrativeEssay about a personal event in our life By penetrative stayed right beside me, ready to catch me if I started to tilt sideways. I was only able bicycle up and down the sidewalk in front of my house without any help from my my grandfather helped to diminish my fear of riding a bicycle. Now when I am faced how to ride. I may still feel fear from time to time, but I know that I can overcome it by asking myself, What will help me to conquer my fear? Bibliography not needed This is a true depiction of an actual event in my childhood.

Workplace health and safety In Queensland (Australia) Essay Example

Workplace health and safety: In Queensland (Australia) Essay Effective health and safety in the working places is very essential in successful running of a business.   Ensuring that employees have the correct working environment forms the main recipe for their effective production and overall sustainability of an enterprise.   This has been necessitated by the policies frameworks and ethical demands that indicate intrinsic consideration of the employees and staff by the management and authorities (Barling, Loughlin, and Kelloway, 2002).   Application of management’s policies, strategic plans and enforcement of change being entirely dependent on the staff and employees for success, it is important to accord them the best operation platform for the same goals realization. The demand for safety in the workplaces has risen drastically since the onset of the industrial revolution prompting strict policies and regulations to guard the sanctity and integrity of the people. This essay explores Work Place Health and Safety in Queensland Australia and their effectiveness in addressing various hazards in the region.   Besides, it evaluates the present policies and legislative framework of Queensland in ensuring that the workers are fully safeguarded during their work. Background of OHS in Queensland Queensland is a state in Australia that occupies the North Eastern area of the continent.   It is the second largest state with a population of about 4.3 million by the year 2007 which represent about 20% of the total Australian population.   Like other states, the regions work place health and safety demands are guided by the central governments provisions.   Notably, the state is classified among those that have effective work place and health safety measures in Australia.   Under the Occupational Health and Safety legislation in Australia, the state has its own principle Occupational Health and Safety act that spells out the demand and standards for different groups and establishments in effecting the best working environments for the employees (Probst, 2004). We will write a custom essay sample on Workplace health and safety: In Queensland (Australia) specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Workplace health and safety: In Queensland (Australia) specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Workplace health and safety: In Queensland (Australia) specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer It gives a clear framework and a cooperative system that organizations managements are required to follow and maintain in order to guarantee the best operating environment for growth. Particularly, the management of all establishments is required to ensure that they provide safe premises for workers operations.   Besides, machineries and substances are required to be totally safe for the employees to work with.   In addition, information, instruction, and training should be given to the staff and the employees to keep them equipped with all the necessary skills for addressing emergencies for saving their lives and properties.   It is no doubt that the state has a very high value for human life a notion that has gone a long way in enhancing its last two decades tremendous growth in the country. Selected activities on OHS As indicated earlier, Queensland has set its own Occupational Health and Safety guiding policy that dictates its operations in seeking the best operating environment for the state.   Over the years, the Workplaces Health and Safety Act of 1995 has been used in Queensland to integrate into the management the best practices and systems that are necessary for maintaining the working place environment above the minimum standards.   Therefore, it employs the following systems; l   Risk management approaches that are incorporated as part of the daily running of the business. l   Consultative mechanisms between the employee’s and management in addressing different health and safety issues. l     Provision of capacity building systems programs and supervision that assist in identifying and eliminating any hazard present in the work place environments. l     Besides cooperating with the firms’ management in establishing the best methods of addressing the rising levels of new hazard, it keeps the workplaces occupational health and safety information for review at various instances to evaluate the progress in the state. Research process This research will be mainly based on the available literature to give it the ability to evaluate more information regarding Queensland application of the Occupational Health and Safety measures.   With closer evaluation of the available policies and regulations in the state, the research will look into various organizations and how they effect the same policies in the state.   Besides, it will explore the implications of the policies demands in organizations management and establish possible problems that they encounter during their application.   Notably, the paper will use human resource management theories and principles of enhancing productivity in the work place and derive recommendations for the problems that Queenslands firms face in balancing the management to get higher productivity and the demands for ideal environment for the workers (Office of the Queensland Parliamentary Counsel, 2009). Part B: Analysis l   HRM literature evaluation Over the last decade, Queensland human resources managers for different industries have had to comply with different requirements of the state in provision of the required standards for the employees at their work places.   As indicated earlier, work place safety is one of the most important steps in achieving greater productivity from the employees.   Though most of the Human resources viewed the demands for workplace health and safety provision as part of an added expense, the ideology has been assimilated by majority of the sectors and improved the overall working condition for the employees (Cooper and Phillips, 2004).   However, a large percentage have not assimilated the system up to the require standards by the rules and policies in the state.   Besides, the levels of cooperation between the government and most of the firms has been very low, a pointer that has been cited to indicate non compliance. (a) Health sector Provision of safe workplace environment is possibly most important with reference to the health sector.   Health employees are usually exposed to different infections as they attend to the patients.   This is a major health risk in that most of the diseases are highly contagious and can affect them and their families (World Health Organization, 2002).   They are also exposed to highly reactive dangerous chemicals.   Notably, high tech research institutions in major hospitals of Queensland involve use of highly reactive chemicals that are equally harmful to the researchers and the medical experts.   Employees in radiotherapy sections are exposed to high radiations that may have long term negative effects on their health (Hegney, Plank, and Parker, 2003).   To effectively address these problems, Human Resources management should understand the major implications of working in the health sector.   As indicated by the new Work Place Health and Safety regulations of 2008, it is clear that human resources managers are supposed to ensure that they provide the most effective methods for ensuring workers are completely safe in their work places. According to Part Sixteen Section 198-203, all the chemicals and hazardous substances that health centers use should be accompanied by the necessary protective precautions well indicated on their seals.   The Act also requires that all the employees be given the correct attire that prevents them from getting various contagious diseases.   As provided for by the act, new health establishments should be assessed before licenses are issued to guarantee that they comply with the legislation.   In Part Two of the same act, the design of institutions such as hospitals and health centers are supposed to be approved to ensure that they give the correct space for its activities effectively.   It also provides for monitoring of the health facilities by occupational health and safety officers to ascertain that all the regulations are adhered to. (b) Construction industry Currently, Queensland is one of the fastest growing states in Australia and with major construction industries positioning themselves at the heart of the state.   Workers in construction sites are generally exposed to high noise levels of the heavy machinery which have negative acrostic effects to them (Wangyal, 2001).   Besides, they are also exposed to excess lights especially in the welding sections.   This may cause temporary or permanent sight losses to them.   They are also exposed to high dust levels which may have cancerous effects to their upper respiratory systems.   Lifting of heavy materials may also induce spinal cord problems. The government of Queensland policy on building industry has established the Queensland code of Practice of the building and construction industry.   Under this code of conduct, the behavior and ethics for the management is outlined for ensuring maximum safety during construction operations.   To add to that, the Work Place Health and Safety regulations of 2008 requires that constructions be certified by the government authorities to verify that machineries are not dangerous to the workers.   Human resources management should provide the necessary attire that assists in reducing light, sound, and dust levels in the working sites (Office of the Queensland Parliamentary Counsel, 2009).   Most importantly, the workers are supposed to be taken through inclusive training of how they are supposed to operate without causing harm to themselves and the businesses assets. (c) Hotel industry Many hotel industry workers have suffered in their operations as the management focuses more on the outlook.   In most of the hotels, chefs and cooks are exposed to high temperatures that are harmful to their bodies especially with long term exposure (Gemmell, 2001).   Though most of the hotels are shifting to the modern forms of energy, about 90% of them still have the traditional forms of fuel being in use (Department of Industrial Relations Workplace Health and Safety, 2003).   This makes the employees to be exposed to great risks of upper respiratory infections from the carbon compounds.   To add to that, most of the workers especially the waiters spend over 80% of their working sessions standing as they serve the consumers.   This is extremely tiring and may cause poor flow of blood in their systems. Ethically, the human resources management should be able to provide the correct rotational systems to reduce physical and psychological suffering for the workers.   Besides, they should establish the correct systems for less operation hours especially for the waiters and install new machineries that are less harmful to the cooks. l   Organizations problems in addressing the problems (a) Cost Though many organizations have been willing to effect the demands of different rules and regulations, it is clear that cost is a major prohibiting factor.   Human resources for most industries in Queensland indicate that thorough preventative systems are costly to buy, install, and maintain (Lamm and Walters, 2004).   In the hotel industry, installation of electric cookers may be the best system to reduce the effects of smoke and heat to the staff.   However, such machineries are costly and consume vast quantities of electricity and therefore unsustainable to maintain.   In the construction industry, enclosed automated mixers for ballast and machinery silencers are very costly especially for the small construction companies. (b) Expertise and time Arguably, most of the occupational health and safety demands are oriented towards training and capacity building as a major building block for sustainable safety.   The Work Place Health and Safety Regulations of   2008 provides for periodical training of staff and employees. This operation is conducted by certified occupational health and safety officers who not only add cost to the production process, but may delay projects from commencements.   Human resources management considers time lost to be very costly and unrecoverable (Zohar, 2002).   Besides, organizations management may be required to employ other officers to act as experts in ensuring that the required operations of machinery or particular systems are fully operational without causing any negative effect. (c) Compensations from work injuries According to the Work Place Health and Safety regulations of 2008, it is the employees’ human rights to get the correct compensation of any injuries or harm that they get in the work places.   However, even after provision with the necessary training and the correct attire, most of the work injuries take place due to employees’ carelessness.   Even in such cases, the companies are still held responsible for the employees harm and forced to pay for the harm (Zohar and Luria, 2005). Legislative and policy framework on the state As indicated earlier, Queensland have laws in all the departments to ensure that workers operate in the best environment possible.   In 1995, the Workplace Health and Safety Act was established and reviewed in the year 2008.   Notably this legislation is the main operating framework for determining the workplace standards of environment.   Under this act, a cohesive framework to be used by organizations management is established with health and safety obligations be adhered to.   Therefore, human resources managers use this as the main guideline for developing internal standards in their organizations. Besides, the act established a health and safety board that is responsible with encouraging participation by human resources managers and workers in developing better systems of addressing issues affecting workers in the work places. To add to that, it provides for workers representatives from different organizations to bring the correct feedback on application of rules at the employees level.   This notion has especially been effective in giving correct information as it reduces possible compromises by supervisors and people in managerial positions. Of greater effect of the policy is the provision for training, monitoring and punitive measures.   This assists to ensure that the correct standards are not only understood, but intrinsically conceptualized by organizations management and workers.   Particularly, the emphasis of the high risk operations close monitoring and tougher rules indicates the weight that government puts on its people.   Though most of the human resources view these as part of the extra cost that can easily be shed off, it is wrong and law should be used to punish non compliance. Conclusion and recommendations Occupational health and safety is the most important aspect in any business establishment.   The current laws in Queensland should be applied with greater emphasis to ensure that all the employers comply with them and guarantee the best operating environment to the workers.   As indicated above most of the firms cry foul of the high cost associated with meeting the required standards.   However, success of a business is measured using a multiplicity of factors including motivation and satisfaction of the employees on the work they do.   To ensure that the working environment is improved in Queensland, human resources management should operate closely with the government to establish better methods of applying the same rules and regulations.   Besides, the government should enforce better monitoring systems that guarantee compliance with the demands of the policy at all cost (Goldenhar, Williams, and Swanson, 2003).   Finally, organizations should seek to educate the emplo yees and the public on their working rights to enable easier reporting mechanisms and effective countermeasures.

A Tale of Two Cities - essays

A Tale of Two Cities - essays The French Revolution, in the novel A Tale of Two Cities written by Charles Dickens, is described throughout the novel as a force of nature; the revolution came progressively but indubitably sweeping over an entire region with cries of passion, as like rain, and hazardous conditions brought forth from it, as like a storm. This theme weaves itself into the novels setting and time period from the initiation of the oppression of the poor by the French aristocracy to the Reign of Terror period that killed thousands, thus creating a collectively given message to the reader that the revolution was destined to occur. Not only does the theme target the Revolution as a whole, it illustrates Madame Defarges strong fervor for revenge against the nobleman particularly the Evrmonde family. Madame Defarge is the epitome of an ardent patriot in A Tale of Two Cities; and so, can be exemplified as a hurricane. In the beginning, over a period of time, a hurricane gradually gets stronger out in the oc ean just like her hate. Then when let go or when enough strength is gained, it spins in the ocean with intensity and force, just like the oppressed people when they over ran the noblemen. It is unstoppable as it brings along with it flooding, gusting winds, and an unsafe environment for the region. The theme, Forces of Nature, can be found many times in the book when describing the mob mentality of the people and their means of overpowering the corrupted aristocracy. Not only is nature spoken of as the environment of the earth but also the spirit of a being. For instance, Jean Jacques Rousseau, a French philosopher, believed that people by nature are good and are only then corrupted by society. With that stated, the force of being good is overpowering the tyrannical and corrupted, otherwise known as the nobility. It is in the will of the common people to override the bad and bring France to Liberty, Equ...

Biography of Fannie Lou Hamer, Civil Rights Leader

Biography of Fannie Lou Hamer, Civil Rights Leader Known for her civil rights activism, Fannie Lou Hamer was called the spirit of the civil rights movement. Born a sharecropper, she worked from the age of six as a timekeeper on a cotton plantation. Later, she became involved in the Black Freedom Struggle and eventually moved on to become a field secretary for the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC).   Dates:  October 6, 1917 - March 14, 1977Also known as:  Fannie Lou Townsend Hamer About Fannie Lou Hamer Fannie Lou Hamer, born in Mississippi, was working in the fields when she was six and was only educated through the sixth grade. She married in 1942 and adopted two children. She went to work on the plantation where her husband drove a tractor, first as a field worker and then as the plantations timekeeper. She also attended meetings of the Regional Council of Negro Leadership, where speakers addressed self-help, civil rights, and voting rights. Field Secretary With the SNCC In 1962, Fannie Lou Hamer volunteered to work with the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) registering black voters in the South. She and the rest of her family lost their jobs for her involvement, and SNCC hired her as a field secretary. She was able to register to vote for the first time in her life in 1963 and then taught others what theyd need to know to pass the then-required literacy test. In her organizing work, she often led the activists in singing Christian hymns about freedom: This Little Light of Mine and others. She helped organize the 1964 Freedom Summer in Mississippi, a campaign sponsored by SNCC, Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), and the NAACP. In 1963, after being charged with disorderly conduct for refusing to go along with a restaurants whites only policy, Hamer was beaten so badly in jail, and refused medical treatment, that she was permanently disabled. Founding Member and VP of the MFDP Because African Americans were excluded from the Mississippi Democratic Party, the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP) was formed, with Fannie Lou Hamer as a founding member and vice president. The MFDP sent an alternate delegation to the 1964 Democratic National Convention, with 64 black and 4 white delegates. Fannie Lou Hamer testified to the conventions Credentials Committee about violence and discrimination faced by black voters trying to register to vote, and her testimony was televised nationally. The MFDP refused a compromise offered to seat two of their delegates and returned to further political organizing in Mississippi, and in 1965, President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Voting Rights Act. Delegate to the Democratic National Convention of 1972 From 1968 to 1971, Fannie Lou Hamer was a member of the Democratic National Committee for Mississippi. Her 1970 lawsuit, Hamer v. Sunflower County, demanded school desegregation. She ran unsuccessfully for the Mississippi state Senate in 1971, and successfully for delegate to the Democratic National Convention of 1972. Other Accomplishments She also lectured extensively, and was known for a signature line she often used, Im sick and tired of being sick and tired. She was known as a powerful speaker, and her singing voice lent another power to civil rights meetings. Fannie Lou Hamer brought a Head Start program to her local community, to form a local Pig Bank cooperative (1968) with the help of the National Council of Negro Women, and later to found the Freedom Farm Cooperative (1969). She helped found the National Womens Political Caucus in 1971, speaking for the inclusion of racial issues in the feminist agenda. In 1972 the Mississippi House of Representatives passed a resolution honoring her national and state activism, passing 116 to 0. Suffering from breast cancer, diabetes, and heart problems, Fannie Lou Hamer died in Mississippi in 1977. She had published To Praise Our Bridges: An Autobiography in 1967. June Jordan published a biography of Fannie Lou Hamer in 1972, and Kay Mills published This Little Light of Mine: The Life of Fannie Lou Hamer in 1993. Background, Family Father: Jim TownsendMother: Ella Townsendyoungest of 20 childrenborn in Montgomery County, Mississippi; family moved when she was two to Sunflower County, Mississippi Education Hamer attended the segregated school system in Mississippi, with a short school year to accommodate fieldwork as a child of a sharecropping family. She dropped out by 6th grade.   Marriage, Children Husband: Perry Pap Hamer (married 1942; tractor driver)Children (adopted): Dorothy Jean, Vergie Ree Religion Baptist Organizations Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), National Council of Negro Women (NCNW), Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP), National Womens Political Caucus (NWPC), others

Leadership Ethics and Diversity Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Leadership Ethics and Diversity - Case Study Example Again the Executive Leader could have also worked in helping Michael get leave on medical grounds. This policy would have helped the company in reducing the level of disturbances gained owing to the behavioral conducts of Michael and similarly would have helped Michel in leading a tension and stress free life being way from the workplace. However adequate privacy should be held pertaining to the medical information of Michael gained in the course such that it does not lead to any kind of embarrassment. Thus rather than treating him to be disabled the acts should work in understanding how to ease the situation for Michael and thereby effectively accommodate him in the concern (Harvey and Allard, 2008, p.265). This stance would have helped Harvard from countering any Discrimination Suit such that Michael would have felt to have been cared for by his superiors. Again the above case would have helped in gaining Michael back to work with effective treatment conducted. Case 2 The Executive Leader duly appointed would have worked to make the passengers understand and honor the religious sentiments of the Muslims through rendering of examples in which an activity conducted would have affected the latter’s religious sentiments. Justification of the religious sentiments of the Muslim cab drivers would have helped in abolishing the mental conflicts pertaining to the same between the cab drivers and passengers. The Executive Leader must endeavor to enhance the religious position and sentiments of both the parties to the issue and also must act in enhancing the number of cabs not driven by Muslim drivers in the region (Harvey and Allard, 2008, p. 265). Case 3 In this case the Executive Leader should have worked in creating an intervention program to treat Brown’s problem of Sleep Apnea to effectively increase his efficiency at the workplace rather than working on termination standards. Thus firstly the Executive Leader would work in identifying the level of ps ychiatric ailment pertaining to Brown through the assistance of a psychiatrist appointed by the company. This psychiatrist can work to evaluate the history and the medical help gained till now at the personal level by Brown. Such intervention process coupled by steady documentation would help the company management gain adequate knowledge of the present condition of the Sleep Apnea aliment of Brown. Depending on such knowledge the company can adequately change the work environment for Brown by temporarily putting Brown on leave or relocating him to other departments. The Executive Leader must also work in getting feedback and information from time to time relating to the level of revival gained in by Brown through such medical interventions carried out. Feedbacks can be gained both at the personal and at the medical level by consulting with Brown and the psychiatrists respectively. This intervention process needs to be carried on till the time the psychiatrists consider him fit to r ejoin the duty of ‘Emergency Dispatcher’ (Harvey and Allard, 2008, p.265). The above intervention program carried out by the Executive Leader would help in enhancing the level of commitment and loyalty of Brown towards the

Improving health for the psychiatric population Essay - 1

Improving health for the psychiatric population - Essay Example Each person is entitled to a good mental health to enable them to adhere to their roles in school, family and at work. According to EC (2005 p4), â€Å"mental health is a state of well-being in which the individual realizes hi or her abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to his or her community.† However, mental illness is accompanied by depression, stress, and mental strains, hence rendering a person incapable of acting normal. Nevertheless, Psychiatric problems may be hereditary, environmental, or economic. Psychiatric illness affects a country’s economy via loss of production through early retirement. Therefore, the need for mental health improvement on the general population is important; as its related challenges need to be addressed; for instance, stigma and human rights. Studies on the psychiatric population have been conducted over the past years, including the causes, symptoms, and treatment. According to Stewart, et al (2009 p749), manual restraining was commonly used in Psychiatric hospitals as a way of managing violent behaviors of the patients. Violent behaviors among the psychiatric patients are usually high; therefore, manual restraint is commonly used to calm the patient down. This method involves restraining the patient on the floor in a prone position to restrict any movement; however, such reaction lasts for about ten minutes. Stewart et al (2009) further insist that manual restraint involves the risk of injury to the involved parties, but are common in staff members. According to a survey conducted on 269 nurses in the psychiatric care units, they agreed to the fact the manual restraint had positive outcomes, although it was stressful (Stewart, et al, 2009, p.753). Mental disorders are not only evident in adults, but also among

The HR Manager Essay Example for Free

The HR Manager Essay Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In this country, and even in the rest of the world, the practice of Human Resources Management is rapidly evolving to assume a more pervasive role in the society.   We are in the era of organizational revolution. Out time is marked with rapid shifts in the demography of our workforce, changing corporate culture, and changing organizations. Organizational forms have become more complex and new forms have been developed (Block, 1981). The management of people has never been as important and crucial than ever before. Today, it is considered a central figure and the key to productivity and quality especially in a very competitive society. The Need   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the light of the rapid shift in today’s organization, the skills required of human resource managers, beginners in the profession and even aspiring students in the discipline, rest on the foundation of knowledge on the whole gamut of human resources management, specifically management theories applied in our setting (Kline Saunders, 1993).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The need for a more efficient, economical and equitable management of the human resources in business industry has never been as pronounced as it is today. This need has never been brought about by factors which inevitably affect not only the established structures and ways of doing things within the personnel area but also by the more meaningful and substantial task of managing the organization’s most important asset – the human resource. Among these factors are: stiffer competition in business; rapid changes in technological, competitive and economic environments; the explosion of technical and managerial knowledge; spiraling wage and benefits cost and so many others. These factors have no doubt been responsible for the emergence of the personnel function as a vital area in the implementation of corporate strategy (Bruffee, 1993).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The influence of behavioral science has resulted in a humanistic orientation for personnel management that is geared toward attainment of organizational objectives. Traditional functions in personnel such as hiring, wage and benefits administration and record keeping are still being performed. However, the scope of personnel management has been expanded to include strategic concerns such as, among others, career planning, organizational development and community relations. This linking of personnel management with the process of achieving the organization’s strategic goal defines the qualitative leap into human resource management (Demick, 1993). III. Defining our terminology   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   What are learning theories and what are the implications of these to the matter at hand? How do we know that these are in operation? What activities should be secured in an organization that will encourage the knowledge of these theories? As we were just pondering on the grave need for the upliftment and maximum utilization of our workforce by addressing several factors inherent in the profession, we want to first look into these learning theories and analyze about their contribution to a difficult year.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Atkinson (1993) best summarizes what learning theories assume:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   â€Å"Learning pervades our lives. It is involved not only in mastering a new skill   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   or academic subject but also in emotional development, social interaction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   and even personality development. We learn what we fear, what to love,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   how to be polite and so on. Given the pervasiveness of learning in our lives,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   it is not surprising that we have already discussed many instances of it – how   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   for example, children love to perceive the world around them, to identify with   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   their own sex, and to control their behavior according to adult standards.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Learning as proponents claim them to be, maybe defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior that results from practice: behavior changes that are due to maturation (rather than practice), or temporary conditions of the organism (e.g. fatigue, or drug-induced) are not included. All cases of learning are not the same, though. Learning is defined by Craig et al as a process through which one’s capacity or disposition is changed as a result of experience. Apparently, while learning can be defined as a process and a product, most definitions stress learning more as a process. Changes resulting from development and experience are emphasized. III. The Concepts of Learning   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There are three kinds of learning. These three different kinds may be distinguished as classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and cognitive learning. In the study of behavior, concepts in learning are differentiated and defined.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In classical conditioning, the conditioned response often resembles the normal response to the unconditioned stimulus. Concepts such as, acquisition, extinction, discrimination, extinction, generalization, spontaneous recovery, and higher order of learning are all associated with classical conditioning. is portrayed by our independent yet harmful.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Much of real-life behavior is like this though: response is learned because individuals operate on, or effect the environment. Concepts like instrumental conditioning, reinforcement, shaping, extinction, punishment, biofeedback, token economies, and programmed learning are essential notions in the theory (Atkinson et al, 2000).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   While classical and operant conditioning are both relatively simple forms of learning, Cognitive learning, on the other hand, involves mental processes, such as attention and memory, that may be learned through observation or imitation; it may not involve any external rewards or require the person to perform any observable behaviors. Concepts in cognitive learning include Insight learning and observation learning. Insight learning is a mental process marked by the sudden occurrence of a solution whereas observational learning, say theorists, may account for most human learning. It occurs, when we observe people around us, as early as a year old and even below, doing things and we learn those tasks they do (Atkinson et al, 2000).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Modern management theories employ these concepts in specific and specialized forms. It’s psychology applied in the industry and organization. They call these self-learning and continuous learning. Self-directed training includes the learner initiating the learning, making the decisions about what training and development experiences will occur, and how. The learner selects and carries out their own learning goals, objectives, methods and means to verify that the goals were met.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Probably the most important skill for todays rapidly changing workforce is skills in self-reflection. The highly motivated, self-directed learner with skills in self-reflection can approach the workplace as a continual classroom from which to learn.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Supervisors and employees who work together to accomplish formal, self-directed learning in the workplace also accomplishes continuous learning for continued productivity and learning. The Nature of the Work.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Attracting the most qualified employees and matching them to the jobs for which they are best suited is significant for the success of any organization. However, many enterprises are too large to permit close contact between top management and employees. Human resources, training, and labor relations managers and specialists provide this connection. In the past, these workers have been associated with performing the administrative function of an organization, such as handling employee benefits questions or recruiting, interviewing, and hiring new staff in accordance with policies and requirements that have been established in conjunction with top management. Today’s human resources workers manage these tasks and, increasingly, consult top executives regarding strategic planning. They have moved from behind-the-scenes staff work to leading the company in suggesting and changing policies. Senior management is recognizing the significance of the human resources department to their financial success.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In an effort to enhance morale and productivity, limit job turnover, and help organizations increase performance and improve business results, they also help their firms effectively use employee skills, provide training and development opportunities to improve those skills, and increase employees’ satisfaction with their jobs and working conditions. Although some jobs in the human resources field require only limited contact with people outside the office, dealing with people is an important part of the job.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The educational backgrounds of human resources, training, and labor relations managers and specialists vary considerably because of the diversity of duties and levels of responsibility. In filling entry-level jobs, many employers seek college graduates who have majored in human resources, human resources administration, or industrial and labor relations. Other employers look for college graduates with a technical or business background or a well-rounded liberal arts education (Maccoby, 1998).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Many colleges and universities have programs leading to a degree in personnel, human resources, or labor relations. Some offer degree programs in human resources administration or human resources management, training and development, or compensation and benefits. Depending on the school, courses leading to a career in human resources management may be found in departments of business administration, education, instructional technology, organizational development, human services, communication, or public administration, or within a separate human resources institution or department.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Because an interdisciplinary background is appropriate in this field, a combination of courses in the social sciences, business, and behavioral sciences is useful. Some jobs may require a more technical or specialized background in engineering, science, finance, or law, for example. Most prospective human resources specialists should take courses in compensation, recruitment, training and development, and performance appraisal, as well as courses in principles of management, organizational structure, and industrial psychology. Other relevant courses include business administration, public administration, psychology, sociology, political science, economics, and statistics. Courses in labor law, collective bargaining, labor economics, labor history, and industrial psychology also provide a valuable background for the prospective labor relations specialist. As in many other fields, knowledge of computers and information systems also is useful.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The management of human resources or to put it simply means the management of people who come from different backgrounds, differing worldviews, age and cultural distinctiveness. Any person who will be handling such diversity is in for trouble. Hence, a solid knowledge of human behavior is prerequisite (Bohm, 1998). Why the need for learning theories? And how to promote it in the context of HR management?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Understandably, the HR manager’s role is one of leadership not just of management. When he/she leads people he/she takes into account the individuality and the complexity, the seemingly unpredictability of behavior. Why seemingly, because at one end we think of the difficulty in truly expecting people to follow the way we want them to follow. However, we also see the other end, that for reasons that we too are human, we know to a certain extent what makes people tick, or what makes people squirm and so on. If we have sufficient background on the learning theories (i.e. insight learning or observational learning), we bring with us an arsenal to help us create change, and move people within our leadership (or influence) to create the change we believe (or our employers believe) should happen in the workplace (Morecroft Sterman , 1994).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When we are equipped with the knowledge of learning theories we come with a knowledge of people. For example, we can employ the information by crafting our goals and mission statements by involving our people in the process. Learning theories teach us that by involving people in goal-setting gives them ownership; by itself (the involvement) is a form of reward (intrinsic).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In general, the spirit of learning is the spirit of desiring knowledge above and beyond the current abilities a particular individual possesses. It means creating the appetite for change, positive and better change for the person and for the organization where he/she belongs.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Promoting learning in the workplace is both easy and difficult. Easy because if we are experts on human behavior we use influence to help us towards that direction and difficult, usually when we don’t take time to study the kind of people our organization has. What are our strategies?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the workplace, we can employ several strategies. An HR manager may choose from a variety of methods or line of attack so to speak.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One is self-learning, which is a combination of insight, observational and classical /operant learning. Self-learning occurs when the individual reflects on his/her encounter or experience on a particular day and learns something from it. It is informal and most often the typical kind of learning that occurs. Self-directed learning programs possess abundant advantages over traditional variety of classroom instruction for employees in the workplace, whether they are leaders, managers, or individual contributors. Bouchard (Self-directed Learning in Organizational Settings (a working paper), Concordia University, Montreal, Canada) clarifies, â€Å"Over the years, it has become increasingly clear that traditional approaches to program design and delivery in the workplace and in associative organizations present some important weaknesses. Problem areas include: coping with the short life span of useful knowledge; passing down acquired competencies to succeeding cohorts; accommodating the demands of productivity while providing for a continuity of learning; [and] enabling learners to pursue activities that correspond to their learning styles and needs† (p. 1). Carl Rogers, pioneer of self-directed therapy, claimed that â€Å"anything that can be taught to another is relatively inconsequential, and has little or no significant influence on behavior† (1961, p. 276). He contends, â€Å"The only learning which significantly influences behavior is self-discovered, self-appropriated learning† (p. 276).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Continuous Learning is the ability to learn to learn. It goes beyond linear learning. Learning need not be a linear event where a learner goes to a formal learning program, acquires areas of knowledge and skills about a system or process, and then the learning terminates. If the learner can view life (including work) as a learning program, then the learner can continue to learn from almost everything in life. As a result, the learner continues to expand his or her capacity for living, including working (Bridges, 1991).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Peter Senge, well-known systems theorist, elucidates that continual learning and individual mastery are very alike. In continuous learning, the learner carries on to: 1. Distinguish priorities or overall values about themselves and how they want to live and work   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   they have a personal vision. Undergo a dynamic function in the world and work. Keep on reflecting on their encounters in the world and work. Inquire about current feedback about the world (including work) and their activities in it Continue to be as receptive as possible to the feedback (which entails a considerable level of personal maturity). Create continuing regulations and modifications, based on constant feedback, to the manner they live their lives and perform their work in order to meet their goals and priorities. Consequently, the primary features of continuous learning include:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Having some basic values in a person’ life or priorities in his/her work.; owning responsibility in the world; relating with the new information and skills; pausing to make inquiries and contemplate about one’s life and experiences; expecting and receiving continuing feedback;   eliminating personal impediments on receiving feedbacks and possessing the audacity and humility to adjust. Conclusions   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Much of the learning in the workplace has been adaptive (i.e. individuals are trained to adapt to the needs of the organization in a manner that ensures consistency and compliance with norms). In contrast, the new paradigm focuses on liberating individuals and bringing forth their ability to create. This develops within the person, a work ethic that he/she is expected to adhere to, considering that it reflects his/her personhood, his wants and wishes, as well as his future plans. This has generated a much greater contribution from the workforce than expected and continues to develop a learning community where the exchange of ideas is encouraged and work output increased. Enthusiasm towards work in general will be maximized and relationship within the workplace improved. Reference: Atkinson, RL, RC Atkinson, EE Smith, DJ Bem, and S. Nolen-Hoeksema, Hilgard’s   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Introduction to psychology. 13th ed., New York: Harcourt brace and Company,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2000. Block, Peter, Flawless Consulting: A Guide to Getting Your Expertise Used, University   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Associates, San Diego, CA 1981. Bohm, David. (1985) Unfolding Meaning. Loveland, CO: Foundation House. Bridges, William, Managing Transitions, Making the Most of Change, Addison-Wesley,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Menlo Park, CA 1991. Bruffee, Kenneth A. Collaborative Learning: Higher Education, Interdependence, and the Authority of Knowledge. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, 1993. Demick, J. and Miller, P., Development in the Workplace, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Publishers, New Jersey, 1993. Gozdz, Kazimierz, ed., Community Building: Renewing Spirit and Learning in Business,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Sterling Stone (NewLeadersPress), San Francisco, 1995. Kline, Peter and Bernard Saunders. Ten Steps to a Learning Organization. Great Ocean Publishers, Inc. Arlington, VA. 1993. Maccoby, Michael, Why Work: Motivating and Leading the New Generation, Simon   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Schuster, New York, 1988. Morecroft, John D.W. and John Sterman eds.(1994) Modeling for Learning   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Organizations. Productivity Press.  McNamara, Carter., http//:www.authenticity   Ã‚   consulting.com. Copyright 1999 Rogers, C., On Becoming a Person: A Therapist’s View of Psychotherapy, Houghton   Ã‚  Ã‚   Mifflin, 1961, p. 276.   Senge, Peter, 1990. The Fifth Discipline: The Art and Practice of the Learning    Organization 1st edition, 1994 paperback edition, xxiii, 413 p., ISBN 0-385-  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   26095-4. West, G. W. Group Learning in the Workplace. In S. Imel (Ed.), Learning in groups: exploring fundamental principles, new uses, and emerging opportunities. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. (1996).

Essay --

The rabies virus is a zoonotic disease that attacks the nervous system, leading to acute encephalitis and eventual death. Rabies is spread most commonly through contact between saliva from an infected host and the open wound of a victim, in the form of a bite. However, infection from the contamination of any mucous membrane, including the eyes and mouth, with infected saliva is also possible ("How Is Rabies Transmitted?†). Once transmittance has occurred, the virus uses the peripheral nervous system, or the â€Å"nerves and ganglia outside of the brain and spinal cord†, in order to reach the central nervous system (â€Å"Peripheral Nervous System†). During this time, known as the incubation period, the virus exhibits little to no symptoms in victims, including the ability to infect others through saliva contact ("The Path of the Virus."). The incubation period is determined by the specific length the virus has to travel to reach the brain. Subsequently, larger ani mals may experience longer incubation periods ranging from weeks to months. Once rabies reaches the central nervous system, rapid viral replication results in encephalitis, as well as the first outward symptoms. These symptoms include increased aggression, excessive drooling, disorientation, seizures, and hydrophobia (Harris County Public Health). During this time, the virus begins being secreted by the saliva glands. Unlike the incubation period, the active period is relatively short; most symptoms appear within three to five days after the incubation period, and death usually occurs within seven days after exhibiting symptoms ("The Path of the Virus."). As a result of the rapid neural degradation, rabies is nearly incurable after the onset of symptoms. The rabies virus has the ... ...in China at the time (Schiller). Due to their low medical funds, underdeveloped and developing countries have difficulty dealing with local rabies epidemics. Though rabies is still prevalent in many countries today, it has little pandemic potential. Simply, rabies has nearly been eradicated in developed countries in the last several decades, present only in isolated cases. Though underdeveloped and developing countries continue to battle rabies, the issue is more of a concern for medical funds than for rabies itself. If developing countries had the potential to purchase rabies vaccinations and promote population control legislations, then rabies would be eliminated worldwide. The fact that developed countries have lowered rabies rates to near-nonexistence is proof of possible worldwide eradication. Rabies is an issue of the past, and it has no place in the future.

A Dream Shattered or Still a Big Potential Essay

A DREAM SHATTERED OR STILL A BIG POTENTIAL: A CASE STUDY OF TATA NANO Abstract Keeping the potential of Indian Automobile Industry in mind, a few years back, around 2006 Ratan Tata conceived the idea of a tiny car with even a tinier price tag for rapidly growing middle class segment. Tata Nano was seen as a triumph of home grown engineering ; as making a product which encapsulates the dreams of millions of Indians with all the elements of mix i.e. safety, engineering, design, efficiency, style at a price tag of one lakh was in itself a challenge. The intense media scrutiny about the few cases of Nano catching fire brought a remarkable dent in Nano sales and shattered the customers’ confidence in car. Since then Nano is struggling hard to regain its strong image in the eyes of its customers as still the huge potential of middle segment is unexplored. The discussion arises about the turnaround strategies of Nano keeping in view its initial launch success, a few quality failures and distorted perceptions in the minds of its customers. This discussion will further add to the design of strategies for future new products which are well strategized for success with clear and defined conceivable about the costs, and market segments but fail due to a few small but significant mistakes. Keywords: Product Development,, USP (unique selling preposition), Buzz marketing, Communication Complacency, Strategic Repositioning, Resurrection. *This case study is developed during the resurrection phase of Tata Nano in March 2012 for classroom discussion as a perfect illustration for analyzing various aspects in the launch of an innovative product,,its market acceptance , Changing people perceptions etc. National Conference on Emerging Challenges for Sustainable Business 2012 1087 A Dream Shattered or Still A Big Potential: A Case Study of Tata Nano Introduction Just a few months back, India overtook Brazil as the sixth largest passenger vehicle manufacturer in the world (Wikipedia Automobile industry). This proves the fact that the Indian Automobile Industry is moving at a fast pace. India is a growing market for Hatchbacks, Sedans, SUVs MUVs, Crossovers and MPVs. Among these small cars have emerged as a clear winner. In fact the country has become a leading centre in producing small cars. Keeping this potential of Indian Automobile Industry in mind , a few years back, around 2006 Ratan Tata conceived the idea of a tiny car with even a tinier price tag for rapidly growing middle class segment. Tata Nano achieved instant success when it was introduced as world’s cheapest car in the year 2009. Tata Nano was seen as a triumph of home grown engineering ; as making a product which encapsulates the dreams of millions of Indians with all the elements of mix i.e. safety, engineering, design, efficiency, style at a price tag of one lakh was in itself a challenge. And Tata’s seemed to fulfill all the promises to its customers by offering Nano. Majority of Indian population belong to middle class, when it comes to purchasing cars they look for the affordable vehicles. Few studies related to consumer buying behavior show that if an individual belonging to middle class wants to own a car then he can easily shell out `1 lac to `1.5 lakh. Thus, while buying a car, price tag becomes a prime factor. Though pricing is the prime factor, performance, style and durability also matter. So, Nano essentially being a dream project for Tatas, satisfied very competently all the criteria’s of a successful launch ,that is, tiny price tag, performance, design, style, brand, welcoming customers, mileage, space, interiors, looks, elegance and so on. But the irony started when the safest acclaimed car of Tata’s caught in flames while its way back from showroom to home. The intense media scrutiny about the few cases of Nano catching fire brought a remarkable dent in Nano sales and shattered the customers’ confidence in car. Since then Nano is struggling hard to regain its strong image in the eyes of its customers as still the huge potential of middle segment is unexplored. National Conference on Emerging Challenges for Sustainable Business 2012 1088 A Dream Shattered or Still A Big Potential: A Case Study of Tata Nano The discussion arises about the turnaround strategies of Nano keeping in view its initial launch success, a few quality failures and distorted perceptions in the minds of its customers. This discussion will further add to the design of strategies for future new products which are well strategized for success with clear and defined conceival about the costs, and market segments but fail due to a few small but significant mistakes. This discussion can further continue for strategic repositioning and turnaround of products accepted well in their initial stages of ‘PLC’ but matured very shortly due to certain significant marketing mistakes. Conceiving of the Idea The idea conceived about Nano was a dare dream of Tatas’ not because of its unbelievably affordable price but also because of the promise it held for providing safe personal mobility to a huge section of the Indian two wheeler riding population. It was an entirely new product Source: Statistics by Society of Indian Autommobile Manufacturers segment with a whole different dimension of its need to contain costs within a preset target of `1 lakh. The Nano price was the only certainty at the time idea was conceived . And then starting from a clean sheet of paper , the car was designed and developed keeping manufacturing costs, material costs and production costs at lowest possible level along with maintaining its character, style, adorable looks and finished quality. National Conference on Emerging Challenges for Sustainable Business 2012 1089 A Dream Shattered or Still A Big Potential: A Case Study of Tata Nano Problems in the Product Development Phase Ride for Tatas in the production of Nano had been anything but smooth. Tata built a Nano plant in West Bengal but was forced out in Oct., 2008 due to violent protest from farmers .This event resulted in the temporary delay in the production along with causing a huge loss of infrastructure costs of a plant almost ready for car production. Another plant was built at Sanand in Gujrat where the production finally started. These initial bottlenecks in the production somewhere affected the enthusiasm about the project and resulted in limited early availability which caused pre-bookings and lottery deliveries. This priced out many buyers negatively snatching out the momentum from the market. Almost from the start the project was plagued by problems and were magnified by intense media involvement. Most Awaited launch When India’s Tata Motors launched Nano in 2009, the concept of the world’s cheapest car in one of the fast growing vehicles markets seems pre-destined for success. At its launch , car buying dynamics seemed to be undergoing a subtle change. Tata dealers were flooded with queries from prospective buyers. People mainly middle class were anxiously waiting for it. Being the world’s cheapest car, Tata Nano had an edge over its competitors in terms of its pricing , which helped Tata to register decent sales figures initially. While choosing between Maruti Suzuki 800 and Tata Nano, people gave letter more weightage in terms of price and design. Its biggest USP (unique selling preposition ) was its attractive looks at lowest price. In March 2009, when Tata was launched it got advance bookings upto 2,00,000 cars but it went through lottery route to give the first 1,00,000 nanos to its lucky customers. Nano became the most coveted thing for two wheeler riders and Tata was so confident about its product that it did’nt go into any marketing plan for Nano. Its intense hype was itself doing its buzz marketing1. So, Tata got busy in producing Nanos to fulfill its intense demand but at the same time being very complacent about the market and customers perceptions of the car. 1. Buzz marketing is word of mouth recommendations by its existing users National Conference on Emerging Challenges for Sustainable Business 2012 1090 A Dream Shattered or Still A Big Potential: A Case Study of Tata Nano Sudden No-No for Nano Among all this hype when the new emerged middle segment of car owners were enjoying their ride in their sparkling stylish Nanos , first case of Nano catching fire was reported in March, 2010 while its trip from showroom to customer’s house. Another incident quoted the car went on flames soon after the driver reported a spark from the rear side of the car. The assurance of Tata’s cheapest car being safest proved ironical and the media which was giving intense scrutiny to the project did its job well during the bad times also. The security failure of the car completely broke the trust of the customers in Nano. A drastic decrease in sales was noticed in November 2010 (from 9000 units to 509 units per month) when company called its existing customers to install the safety devices in the car. So with in a year the brainchild of Tatas started seeming like a failure as its sales went nearly half within a year. Sales were far off the target of 25000 cars a month and the Nano plant with an annual capacity of 250000 cars kept producing only 8000 units a month till March 2011. Table 1: Sales Excerpts (From July 2009 to March 2012) Month and year Nano units sold July 2009 2475 Dec 2009 4001 March 2010 4710 April 2010 3525 July 2010 9000 Nov 2010 509 Dec 2010 5784 Source: various websites of Tata motors Month and year Jan 2011 April 2011 July 2011 Dec 2011 Jan 2012 Feb 2012 Mar 2012 Nano units sold 6703 10012 3260 7466 7723 9217 10475 National Conference on Emerging Challenges for Sustainable Business 2012 1091 A Dream Shattered or Still A Big Potential: A Case Study of Tata Nano Tata Nano Performance vs Automobile Industry Production (Passenger Vehicles) Industrial Scanning and analysis showed that the passenger vehicles production in the country was growing tremendously ( Fig. 3), but Nano sales showed a mixed trend till the mid of 2011 (Fig 2). The company took to replace the starter motors in the older models and launched a new model in 2012 but replacing of the parts could also affect the further sales of new model as well said , ‘Indian customers do not forgive easily’. So, there was a great challenge for Tata to retain its brand image. Inappropriate Market Positioning: Cheaper vs Affordable After the several months of disappointing sales of Nano, it became clear by the end of 2011that its cheapest tag has actually shunned its sales . The status conscious customer didn’t want to get associated with its ‘cheap’ tag and rather opted for slightly pricier rivals . Nobody wanted to be caught with a tag of ‘poor man’s car. So rather being a functional step above a motorcycle it became known as a cut-price car. Crucially car has struggled to find a core market. The overwhelming interest in the car brought all the mixed segments of the customers in the market. So, a distinctive strategy was missing to give a correct positioning and segmentation to the extremely distinctive product. Communication complacency Tatas relied heavily on the publicity rather than a definitely designed communication strategy. There was huge involvement from media, industry and public at large . Rather than leveraging this publicity Tata became complacent about the communication. It became the first car to be launched at zero cost of advertising with a huge success. The publicity generated was far greater than what could be generated through any conventional campaign. Tatas plea was that problem was not of the complacency. Because the Nano plant had to move from West Bengal to Gujarat, production timelines were difficult to maintain. With not enough cars being made, the company felt it didn’t have to advertise or even set up efficient distribution channels. But the hype about the car died down, and the stories about the fires gained prominence. National Conference on Emerging Challenges for Sustainable Business 2012 1093 A Dream Shattered or Still A Big Potential: A Case Study of Tata Nano On the hindsight, apart from being delayed, the first ads were not the most appropriate .They showcased couples ensconced in Nanos , While those on two wheelers stared at them balefully. It seemed to be just for people who have to stretch themselves to buy a car; rather it could have been for housewife or a youngster who had just turned 18. But the advertising focused at parity level. Tata seemed to ratify the media story about it being a Garibrath rather than a cool car. Another ad in the early 2011 also projected the same image featuring a girl in a decidedly rustic setting awaiting the family Nano. Initial ads of Tata Nano: Khushion ki Chabi Such mistakes by Tatas actually fuelled the perception of a poor man’s car. The car is too much of an emotional purchase . It’s the second biggest achievement after a house and the cheapest tag proved disastrous for Nano. Resurrection by Tatas Nano is the dream of Tatas and seeing the market flooded with so many small cars Tatas still see a huge potential in Nano and is seeming to undo its mistakes in the past. As quoted by Ratan Tata on the eve of Auto expo 2012 , ‘Nano is not a flop. We have lost an early opportunity due to mistakes in positioning and marketing the product.’ The new marketing campaign by Tata is all set to change the perception from a Garib rath to a cool car as it allows young to be so whimsical with the cool car that they can drive the several kilometers for a cup of perfect tea! Road to Lal Tippa National Conference on Emerging Challenges for Sustainable Business 2012 1094 A Dream Shattered or Still A Big Potential: A Case Study of Tata Nano Tata is going to launch Tata Nano CNG by the end of 2012. The company has given the car a new makeover by additional features like new interiors, a powerful gasoline engine, better fuel efficiency and attractive colors like champagne gold and papaya orange. Another initiative is offering Tata Nano happiness guarantee which more than doubles the car’s warranty from 18 months to four years insisting on its reliability. Offering fast track financing for buyers with loan approvals in 48 hours and reducing down payments to just `15000 is another measure. Tata is planning to enter new global market such as Thailand, Myanmar, Indonesia and Bangladesh with Nano. The 2012 version of Nano was unveiled by the Tata in the end of 2011 and now as the fiscal year ended in March, the new efforts to promote the 2012 Nano in the Indian market have started paying off. After July 2011 till March 2012 Tata Nano has registered an increase in sales and crossed the 10000 mark at the end of the fiscal year 2011-12 (March 2012, 10475 units, Table1). The lovely Nano is a big beneficial car in small package and its value is being recognized gradually by the customers. Hence, with the conviction in mind that the potential of Nano market remains as vast as it was originally predicted; Tata is moving with some strong steps in the market as it is also planning to launch a diesel variant of Nano in near future which will prove a value preposition for its customers. Long way ahead Nano has to go a long way in realizing its dream of 20,000 plus units per month that would get its plant in the western state of Gujarat running full throttle which is presently moving at the level of around 10000 units per month. Hailed as a showpiece of innovation spawned from and targeted at the emerging upper middle class ; Nano is working hard to undo its mistakes in the past. As small car segment is having very strong potential, there is a flood of small car brands in the Indian market. It has to face strong competition from its near rivals such as Bajaj’s RE 60 , Maruti Suzuki Cervo ( approx. ` 1.5 lakh) , Maruti Alto and slightly pricier options Hyundai Santro, newly launched Hyundai Eon etc. Nano faces rising competition from used car segment National Conference on Emerging Challenges for Sustainable Business 2012 1095 A Dream Shattered or Still A Big Potential: A Case Study of Tata Nano also. Apart from the strong competitors, high inflation and slow economic growth also put another challenges for Tata Nano. Tata is doing hard to resurrect the product segment by intensive reliability engineering, advertising innovations for repositioning and strong distribution and service facilities to recollect the trust of its customers. Let’s see how Nano makes its makers proud amidst conflicting perceptions of customers, the immense competition and rising inflation by maintaining expected performance at its tiniest tag!!! Questions 1. What do you think were the reasons due to which Nano was such a welcome launch more than any other car launch in the industry previously? 2. As Cheapest car being its USP (Unique selling Preposition), how it went against the sales performance of Nano subsequently. Give key reasons. 3. â€Å"Intense Media attention about the product went for and against it also.† Elaborate . 4. How the changed perceptions about the car impacted its sales? Also give other key reasons for such a vast variation in its sales performance. 5. Despite the various resurrection efforts by Tata what potential do you see of Nano in rapidly growing small car segment in coming years in the view of rising competition in the segment? References: ‘Auto Expo 2012: Tata Nano is not a flop, just an opportunity wasted: Ratan Tata’, Economic Times, Jan 6, 2012. ‘No Takers: Is the Tata Nano Running Out of Gas?’, India Knowledge@Wharton, January 27, 2011 Buddiraja S. , ‘ Case Analysis in Marketing Management’, Tata Mcgraw hills, New Delhi. Dhingra Mayank, ‘Marketing Case Study: Tata Nano — Document Transcript’,( Aug 2009), Slideshare. India Today/ Business/Story New Delhi ,Jan 6 2012. Kotlar Phillip , ‘Marketing Management: a South Asian Perspective’ 13th Edition , Pearson Education,New Delhi. Statistics by Society of Indian Mobile Manufacturers ,http://www.siamindia.com/scripts/market-share.aspx Economic Times ,’World’s cheapest car’ tag backfires’, ,24 Jan, 2012 Web Sources: www.tatamotors.com/media/press-releases.php?id=732 www.zigwheels.com/tata-nano/ www.iol.co.za/business/business-news/home-sales-of-world-s-cheapest-car-backfire -1.1219524 Various websites of Tata Motors National Conference on Emerging Challenges for Sustainable Business 2012 1096

Historical and Scientific Perspectives on Homosexuality Essay

Historical and Scientific Perspectives on Homosexuality Is homosexuality a choice or genetic? Homosexuality is becoming more and more common all over the world. There are many different perspectives and theories regarding homosexuality. There are historical, culture, species, scientific, and psychological perspectives on being a homosexual person but which is true and which is simply a theory. Homosexual Perspectives Historically being a gay man or a lesbian was a sin. According to the reading sodomy is a sin and was most likely the reason why Sodom was destroyed all those years ago. Historically any release of sperm not meant for procreation is a sin. However, in ancient Greece it was common for established men to form sexual relationships with young men about the age of growing a beard. There are pictures on vases that depict a man inserting his penis between a boy’s legs but not in the anus. I think that given the historical views of homosexual behaviors it makes some people think that it is still wrong and should still be hidden from people. It also depends on how a person was raised in my opinion. If a person was raised to believe that it is a sin to enter into homosexual relationships then they will try to hide it from everyone for as long as possible. However, if a person was raised to believe that there is nothing wrong with being homosexual then they will be more likely to be open about it. (Rathus, 2011) A study was done in 76 preliterate countries as to if male-male relationships were considered to be acceptable. In 49 of these countries it was considered to be normal and acceptable for male-male relationships. However, the other 27 countries had sanctions if you were caught in male-male relationships. Another study was done years later that was of 70 of the world’s non-European societies and the prevalence of male-male relationships. 41% of the 70 found that male-male sexual relationships were present but uncommon. The other 59% claimed that it was rare or absent in their societies. In some countries  li ke New Guinea it is considered a rite of passage for boys between the ages of 7 and 10 to leave their homes and move into a â€Å"clubhouse† with adolescent boys and adult males. While living there they would fellate the older boys and drink their semen. They are encouraged to drink as much semen as possible to give them a rise in puberty. However, in their late teens early 20s they are expected to take a bride and enter in exclusively into male-female relationships. I think that homosexuals would be more open about their homosexuality depending on if it is accepted in the society that they live in. There are many reasons as to why people hide that they are homosexual from those around them but I think that the most common reason is that they feel that they will not be accepted by others if they tell. (Rathus, 2011) In the animal kingdom it is not uncommon for there to be male-male or female-female sexual relationships. However, in male-male relationships in the animal kingdom it is usually an act of dominance not pleasure. This is very similar to the behaviors of male and female inmates or those with limited access to the opposite gender. In prison there is a dominant and submissive person involved in these male-male and female-female sexual relationships. (Rathus, 2011) Coming Out and Adjusting When a gay male or a lesbian announces that they are a gay male or lesbian it is commonly referred to as coming out. I think that depending on the person and the society that they live in it is easy to come out. If you live in a society that accepts it even if they do not approve of it then it is easier to come out to people. It also depends on the support that a person has around them. If a person has a good support system than they will have an easier time coming out. However, if they feel that they will be scorned, mocked, harassed, or any other form of teasing then they will be less likely to come out. (Rathus, 2011) I think that the adjustment is the same for homosexuals as it is for heterosexuals. It is more of a lifestyle choice and therefore depending on how you live your life you will be happy. However, before a person comes out they may be very stressed, tense, overwhelmed, or any number of other feeling and emotions because they are hiding who they are from the world. Pers onal Beliefs I do not think that the historical or scientific reasons from the reading  have really shaped my sexual orientation. I think that religion might have a part in some people’s lives but me personally I think that a person should be judged for who they are not for their sexuality. Scientifically, I think that there is possibly a gene in the human body that causes you to be gay or lesbian but I do not think that I have that gene if it does exist. I think that I like who I like regardless of what other people think. Homosexuality is different for every person. There are people who are proud to be homosexual and there are people who are ashamed of being a homosexual. I think that this all depends on how a person is raised and what their beliefs are on the subject. No two people are exactly the same and this is true of homosexuals as well. What works for one person might not work for another person. Homosexuality is only on aspect of a person’s life and thus a person should not be judged and treated differently for this one aspect of their life. References Rathus, S. A., Nevid, J.S., and Fichner-Rathus, L. (2011). Human sexuality in a world of diversity (8th ed.) Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon.

Free Essays on Night Falls On Armenia

Night Falls on Armenia Elie Wiesel’s Night explains the day-to-day hardships of a boy who survives the pain and suffering of a Nazi concentration camp. After the loss of his family, the narrator, Eliezer, along with his father, endures the inhumane treatment of Nazi soldiers. In Night, Eliezer struggles through the Jewish Holocaust, yet years before, the Armenian people had to battle arguably harder conditions in order to survive genocide. Turkish soldiers began their crusade against the Armenians out of fear of both social and economical suppression. The Jewish and Armenian people had similar fears about the people who oppressed them, and the oppressors’ style of subjugation is also homogeneous, but society’s review of the events differs greatly. The oppression of the Jews and Armenians indirectly results from the fears of both the victimized cultures. Eliezer realizes the existence of these fears when reading a letter from a friend. Eliezer recalls the friend’s account of the common beliefs of his community: â€Å" ‘The Jews in Budapest are living in an atmosphere of fear and terror. [†¦] The Fascists are attacking Jewish shops and synagogues. The situation is getting serious,’† (Wiesel 7). The Jews’ fear of loosing what they spent their whole lives building, in a way paralyzes them and prevents them from leaving the hellish conditions they faced in their homes. The reality of leaving behind their life’s work for destruction by the Fascists subconsciously may be unbearable. Similarly, the Armenians had to deal with the fears that engulfed their communities. Reynold Khachatourian, a genocide survivor reminisces, â€Å" ‘They called it â€Å"ethnic deportations due to national interest.† We didn’t care. My family refused to leave as long as we could. We were afraid to go. We were afraid to loose our home, our lives. It was all we had, and we couldn’t bear to leave it behind† (Miller 68). Eventually the Tur... Free Essays on Night Falls On Armenia Free Essays on Night Falls On Armenia Night Falls on Armenia Elie Wiesel’s Night explains the day-to-day hardships of a boy who survives the pain and suffering of a Nazi concentration camp. After the loss of his family, the narrator, Eliezer, along with his father, endures the inhumane treatment of Nazi soldiers. In Night, Eliezer struggles through the Jewish Holocaust, yet years before, the Armenian people had to battle arguably harder conditions in order to survive genocide. Turkish soldiers began their crusade against the Armenians out of fear of both social and economical suppression. The Jewish and Armenian people had similar fears about the people who oppressed them, and the oppressors’ style of subjugation is also homogeneous, but society’s review of the events differs greatly. The oppression of the Jews and Armenians indirectly results from the fears of both the victimized cultures. Eliezer realizes the existence of these fears when reading a letter from a friend. Eliezer recalls the friend’s account of the common beliefs of his community: â€Å" ‘The Jews in Budapest are living in an atmosphere of fear and terror. [†¦] The Fascists are attacking Jewish shops and synagogues. The situation is getting serious,’† (Wiesel 7). The Jews’ fear of loosing what they spent their whole lives building, in a way paralyzes them and prevents them from leaving the hellish conditions they faced in their homes. The reality of leaving behind their life’s work for destruction by the Fascists subconsciously may be unbearable. Similarly, the Armenians had to deal with the fears that engulfed their communities. Reynold Khachatourian, a genocide survivor reminisces, â€Å" ‘They called it â€Å"ethnic deportations due to national interest.† We didn’t care. My family refused to leave as long as we could. We were afraid to go. We were afraid to loose our home, our lives. It was all we had, and we couldn’t bear to leave it behind† (Miller 68). Eventually the Tur...